Cannabis-Linked Cell Receptor Might Help Prevent Colon Cancer

[Sequoiacrone]

Cannabis-Linked Cell Receptor Might Help Prevent Colon Cancer

Friday, August 1, 2008; 12:00 AM

(HealthDay News) -- A cannabinoid receptor lying on the surface of cells may help suppress colorectal cancer, say U.S. researchers. When the receptor is turned off, tumor growth is switched on.

Cannabinoids are compounds related to the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) found in the cannabis plant.

It's already known that the receptor, CB1, plays a role in relieving pain and nausea, elevating mood and stimulating appetite by serving as a docking station for the cannabinoid group of signaling molecules. This study suggests that CB1 may offer a new path for cancer prevention or treatment.



"We've found that CB1 expression is lost in most colorectal cancers, and when that happens, a cancer-promoting protein is free to inhibit cell death," senior author Dr. Raymond Dubois, provost and executive vice president of the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, said in a university news release.

In their study of human colorectal tumor specimens, the researchers also found that the drug decitabine can restore CB1 expression.

In addition, mice that are prone to developing intestinal tumors and also have functioning CB1 receptors developed fewer and smaller tumors when treated with a drug that mimics a cannabinoid receptor ligand, the researchers found. Ligands are molecules that function by binding to specific receptors.

"Potential application of cannabinoids as anti-tumor drugs is an exciting prospect, because cannabinoid agonists (synthetic molecules that mimic the action of natural molecules) are being evaluated now to treat the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy," DuBois said. "Turning CB1 back on and than treating with a cannabinoid agonist could provide a new approach to colorectal cancer treatment or prevention."

The study was published in the Aug. 1 issue of the journalCancer Research.

More information

The American Cancer Society has more about colorectal cancer.

SOURCE: University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, news release, Aug. 1, 2008

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/01/AR2008080100937.html (http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn...080100937.html)

[Sequoiacrone]

Medical Marijuana Not Just About Getting High — Journal Article Ends the Argument

by Bruce Mirken

One of the canards regularly raised by opponents of medical marijuana is that it just gets people high and doesn’t provide real medical relief. For example, last year former deputy drug czar Scott Burns told a California newspaper (http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v08/n726/a09.html?1115), ”Anybody can say something makes me feel better anecdotally. And I hear that a lot. ‘Marijuana is the only thing that makes me feel good.’ I say you should try crack, because from what I hear, crack cocaine will make you feel really good as well.”
Anyone inclined to believe such nonsense should check out an article just published online by the journal Pharmacological Research (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=be5280bd13a8f036a29fb488c4d27d01). The article, by two researchers from the University of Naples, covers the potential benefits of cannabinoids in illnesses involving intestinal inflammation (e.g. Crohn’s disease) and in colorectal cancer.

The authors explain that “cannabinoids exert important physiological and pathophysiological actions in the digestive tract, including appetite regulation, emesis, protection of the gastric mucosa, intestinal ion transport, gastric emptying and intestinal motility.” They then go into a detailed and highly technical explanation of how the body’s CB1 and CB2 receptors — the route through which marijuana and the body’s own marijuana-like chemicals act — are involved in controlling the excessive inflammation that is the hallmark of Crohn’s and other forms of inflammatory bowel disease and how enhancing those actions can help.
The researchers then go into a similarly detailed discussion of the cellular mechanisms by which cannabinoids — including natural plant cannabinoids like THC and CBD — fight colorectal cancer, opening the discussion with this: “Cannabinoids exert antiproliferative, antimetastatic and apoptotic actions in colorectal carcinoma epithelial cells as well as antitumoural effects in experimental models of colon cancer.”


See more in this blog entry here:
http://blog.mpp.org/medical-marijuana/medical-marijuana-not-just-about-getting-high-journal-article-ends-the-argument/05222009/

[Sequoiacrone]

Copyright © 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved. Review

Cannabinoids in intestinal inflammation and cancer






References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815) this article.


Angelo A. Izzoa (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=be5280bd13a8f036a29fb488c4d27d01#aff1), http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REcor.gif (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=be5280bd13a8f036a29fb488c4d27d01#cor1), http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/entities/REemail.gif (aaizzo@unina.it) and Michael Camillerib (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=be5280bd13a8f036a29fb488c4d27d01#aff2),



aDepartment of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II and Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy
bC.E.N.T.E.R. Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA



Received 14 January 2009;
revised 10 March 2009;
accepted 10 March 2009.
Available online 18 March 2009.

Abstract

Emerging evidence suggests that cannabinoids may exert beneficial effects in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Adaptive changes of the endocannabinoid system have been observed in intestinal biopsies from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Studies on epithelial cells have shown that cannabinoids exert antiproliferative, antimetastatic and apoptotic effects as well as reducing cytokine release and promoting wound healing. In vivo, cannabinoids – via direct or indirect activation of CB1 and/or CB2 receptors – exert protective effects in well-established models of intestinal inflammation and colon cancer. Pharmacological elevation of endocannabinoid levels may be a promising strategy to counteract intestinal inflammation and colon cancer.

Keywords: Acylethanolamides; Anandamide; Apoptosis; Cannabinoid receptors; Colon cancer; Diarrhoea; Gut; Endocannabinoids; Inflammatory bowel disease; Intestinal motility; Phytocannabinoids; Visceral pain; Fatty acid amide hydrolase; Prostamides; Cannabidiol

Article Outline

1. Introduction (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx1)2. Intestinal inflammation (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx2)2.1. Studies on intestinal epithelial cells (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx3)2.2. Endocannabinoid and cannabinoid receptor changes in human intestinal biopsies (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx4)2.3. Effect of cannabinoid drugs in experimental models of IBD (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx5)2.4. Visceral sensation in the inflamed gut (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx6)2.5. Intestinal motility in the inflamed gut (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx7)2.6. Anandamide as an endovanilloid in the inflamed gut (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx8)2.7. Distribution of FAAH polymorphism in patients with Crohn's disease (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx9)3. Intestinal cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx10)3.1. Studies on colorectal cancer cell lines (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx11)3.1.1. Antiproliferative/apoptotic effects CB1 or CB2 receptor activation (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx12)3.1.2. Antiproliferative/apoptotic effects via prostamides production (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx13)3.1.3. Antimetastatic actions of cannabinoids (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx14)3.1.4. Oestrogens and CB1 receptors (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx15)3.2. Endocannabinoid and cannabinoid receptor changes in human intestinal cancer biopsies (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx16)3.3. Effect of cannabinoid drugs in experimental models of colon cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx17)4. Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids in intestinal inflammation and cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx18)4.1. Intestinal inflammation (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx19)4.2. Intestinal cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx20)5. Anandamide-related acylethanolamides and their role in intestinal inflammation and cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx21)6. Paradoxical beneficial effects of rimonabant in intestinal inflammation and cancer (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx22)7. Conclusions (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx23) Conflict of interest (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#secx24)Acknow ledgements (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#ack001)Refere nces (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bibl001)


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Fig. 1. Anandamide and intestinal inflammation. Anandamide may activate CB1 and CB2 receptors resulting in beneficial effects and, at higher concentrations, TRPV1, resulting in deleterious effects in the inflamed gut. Key information is reported in Refs. [28] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib28), [33] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib33), [34] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib34) and [55] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib55). Note that this scheme reflects the action of anandamide and may not reflect the actions of other cannabinoid receptor agonists.

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Fig. 2. Anandamide and colon cancer. Anandamide may exert antineoplastic actions via CB1/CB2 receptor activation or cause non-apoptotic death of cancer cell through a not-yet-identified mechanism. Moreover, anandamide may generate, via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)—prostamides which exert apoptotic actions through activation of the putative prostamides receptor (PR-R). Key information is reported in Refs. [62] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib62), [63] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib63), [69] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib69), [71] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib71), [77] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib77) and [81] (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WP9-4VVXSVH-1&_user=10&_coverDate=03%2F18%2F2009&_rdoc=28&_fmt=full&_orig=browse&_srch=doc-info%28%23toc%236985%239999%23999999999%2399999%23 FLA%23display%23Articles%29&_cdi=6985&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=37&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d34dc648a62139b3ba29919f27500815#bib81).

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